The bactericidal effect of ozonated water on the putative periodontopathic bacteria / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of ozonated water on the putative periodontopathic bacteria.Methods:Pophyromonas gingivalis (P.g)ATCC33277,Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans (H.a)ATCC29522,Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.n)ATCC1 0957 and clinically seperated strain of P.g(C -P.g)were treated by ozonated water with ozone concentration(mg/L) of 0.03,0.06 and 0.1 2 for 30,60,90 and 1 20 s respectively.The bactericidal effect was tested by bactericidal assay.H2 O2 was used as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control.Results:The antimicrobial rate of ozonated water agaist the bacteria increased with the ozone concentration increase.There was no statistic diffrence of the effect on P.g and C -P.g(P >0.05).Linear regression analysis showed that the βvalues of the concentration factor were over 0.95,that of the time factor under 0.1 1 .Conclu-sion:The ozonated water has dose-dependent bactericidal effect on P.g,H.a and F.n.

Evaluation of the efficacy of a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei on the levels of periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis: A clinico‑microbiologic study.

Background and Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate whether the oral administration of lactobacilli could change the bacterial population in subgingival plaque. Subjects and Methods: Forty‑two healthy volunteers with chronic generalized mild to moderate periodontitis were given a probiotic drink containing Lactobacillus casei for 1 month. Subgingival plaque samples were collected at baseline, after which the patients were asked to consume the probiotic drink once daily for 1 month. At the 1 month interval, plaque samples were collected, and the drink discontinued. The patients were recalled at 2 months interval for collection of the final samples. The bacterial amounts in the plaque samples were analyzed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction procedure. Results: Of the three periodontopathic bacteria selected, Porphyromonas gingivalis showed highly significant reductions in the bacterial levels at 1‑month and 2 months intervals. In comparison, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, when present higher than 10 × 103 at baseline, and Prevotella intermedia present higher than 2 × 103 at baseline, showed moderately significant reduction in their numbers. Interpretation and Conclusion: Oral administration of the probiotic lactobacilli reduced the numerical sum of the three selected periodontopathic bacteria and could contribute to the beneficial effects on periodontal conditions.

Identificación de bacterias periodontopáticas en cepillos dentales con y sin agente antibacterial / Identification of periodontopathic bacteria on toothbrushes with and without antibacterial agent

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Los cepillos dentales pueden servir como reservorio para la translocación de bacterias periodontopáticas. El objetivo fue determinar la contaminación por bacterias periodontopatógenas en dos tipos de cepillos dentales, con y sin antibacterial. Materiales y métodos: Participaron 20 pacientes con periodontitis, que cepillaron 2 cuadrantes al azar con un cepillo antibacterial y los 2 cuadrantes contralaterales con cepillo normal, con la técnica de Bass modificado. Los cepillos se lavaron con agua por 10 segundos y se almacenaron individualmente en bolsas estériles a temperatura ambiente. A las 0, 4 y 24 h se cortaron 4 cerdas de cada cepillo y se suspendieron en el medio de dilución VMGA I, se sembraron en 3 medios de cultivo en anaerobiosis y CO2, se identificaron de acuerdo a la morfología de las colonias y pruebas adicionales con el sistema de identificación RAPID ANA II. Se evaluó la normalidad de las variables cuantitativas, se comparó el número de UFC/ml en los medios de cultivo a los diferentes tiempos de siembra, mediante la prueba U de Mann Whitney, con un alfa de 0,05. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas en el número de UFC/ml en agar sangre a las 24 horas de cultivo (p=0,011). Se identificaron a partir de los cultivos en los 3 tiempos bacterias como Porphyromonas gingivalis,Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Fusobacterium spp y Eikenella corrodens, mientras que Tannerella forsythia, Eubacterium spp y bacilos entéricos se recuperaron solo en la siembra inmediata. Conclusión:Ambos tipos de cepillos tuvieron contaminación bacteriana en los distintos medios de cultivo.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Dental toothbrushes can serve as reservoir to translocation of periodontopathic bacteria. The aim was to determine periodontal bacterial contamination in both types of toothbrushes, with and without antibacterial bristles. Materials and methods:We included 20 patients with periodontitis, which brushed two randomly selected quadrants with antibacterial brush and the 2 contralateral quadrants with normal toothbrush with modified Bass technique, and thereafter, the brushes were washed with water for 10 seconds and stored in sterile bags at room temperature. At 0, 4 and 24 h bristles were cut from each brush 4 and suspended in the dilution medium VMGA I. These were plated on 3 culture media in anaerobiosis and CO2 and identified according to the colony morphology and further tests such as UV fluorescence, catalase and identification system RAPID ANA II. Normality of the quantitative variables was assessed and compared the number of CFU/ ml in the culture media to different culturing times, by the nonparametric Mann Whitney U test with a significance level of p <0.05. Results: There were significant differences in the number of CFU / ml in blood agar at 24 hours of culture (p = 0.011). Were identified from cultures at 3 times bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/ nigrescens, Fusobacterium spp and Eikenella corrodens, while Tannerella forsythia, Eubacterium spp and enteric bacilli were recovered only in the immediate culturing. Conclusion: Both types of brushes had bacterial contamination in the different culture media tested.

Toothbrush contamination in family members

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination of toothbrushes in family members. Materials and Methods: One hundred and two healthy subjects were included in this descriptive study. Every individual was examined clinically and microbiologically using the CPITN index and collecting subgingival plaque samples. Each participant received a toothbrush for home use and after one month they returned it to the investigators. All toothbrushes were cultured to determine the presence of periodontopathic bacteria and enteric rods. Wilkoxon signed rank test and t student test (P d"0.05) were used to compare differences in the subgingival microbiota and toothbrush contamination and CPITN index among family members. Results: A high proportion of toothbrushes resulted highly contaminated with enteric rods (P d"0.001) compared to the subgingival environment where periodontopathic bacteria were more prevalent. The most frequent microorganisms found in toothbrushes used by parents and children for one month were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonadaceae species (>50 percent) and Fusobacterium spp (30 percent). Conclusions: High levels of enteric rods were commonly detected in toothbrushes used for 1 month among members of the families. These opportunistic organisms may have an important role in oral infections including gingivitis and periodontitis. Monthly replacement or disinfection of the toothbrush can reduce the risk of bacterial transmission/translocation and thus diminish the incidence of biofilm associated oral diseases.

Prevalence of Oral Microbes in the Saliva of Oncological Patients

This study examined the prevalence of oral microbes in the saliva of oncological patients and healthy subjects. PCR was used to assess the frequency of oral microbes including 3 cariogenic bacteria, 5 periodontopathic bacteria and 4 Candida species in the saliva of 104 oncological patients and 52 healthy subjects. Among these microorganims, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Candida albicans were most frequently detected in both groups. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of cariogenic bacteria between the patient and healthy groups, whereas significant differences in the frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia were observed between the two groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of all five periodontopathogens was higher in the healthy group than in the patient group. The prevalence of C. albicans in patients was significantly higher than that of healthy group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the prevalence of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and C. albicans between the oncological patient group and healthy group.

Quantitative Analysis of Weissella cibaria against Periodontopathic Bacteria by Real-time PCR

The objective of this study was to analyze quantitatively whether Weissella cibaria could affect the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Fusobacterium nucleatum, after incubation for 8~48 h. In addition, by using real-time PCR with a dual-labeled probe, each growth of bacteria was examined under different growth media conditions. The proliferation of periodontopathic bacteria was significantly inhibited by W. cibaria after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), whereas the growth of W. cibaria was not affected by these pathogenic bacteria. The growth of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola significantly increased in each growth media after incubation for 24 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the culture in mixed growth media. However, no differences in the growth of five periodontopathic bacteria were observed between each growth media and mixed media after incubation for 48 h. The growth and pH of W. cibaria culture significantly were changed in MRS after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05), as compared to the bacterial culture in mixed growth media. The pH of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum culture significantly was changed in both growth media and mixed media after incubation for 24~48 h (p < 0.05). Our data indicate that W. cibaria significantly inhibits the proliferation of five periodontopathic bacteria and each growth of bacteria is quantitatively analyzed under various media conditions by real-time PCR.

Contaminación bacteriana de cepillos dentales en niños y sus padres: una cuestión de educación / Bacterial contamination of toothbrushes in children and their parents: an education issue

Se ha determinado que los instrumentos dentales y de higiene oral puedan contribuir en la transmisión de microorganismos que causan infecciones orales. Se estudió la contaminación bacteriana de cepillos dentales en 104 sujetos de 40 grupos familiares (16 padres, 40 madres y 48 niños). Se tomaron muestras subgingivales al inicio del estudio y fueron analizadas por medio de cultivo no selectivo y selectivo para organismos periodontopáticos y bacilos entéricos. Los pacientes fueron examinados usando el índice CPITN para establecer el grado salud periodontal. Cada padre de familia recibió un cepillo dental y crema dental para uso personal durante un mes en su hogar, mientras que los niños recibieron un cepillo que fue utilizado con crema dental en la cita de examinación y otro para uso durante un mes. Los cepillos y muestras subgingivales fueron recolectados y analizados para la presencia de microorganismos periodontopáticos y bacilos entéricos. La información fue analizada usando pruebas estadísticas de Wilkoxon signed rank test y Friedman test (P = 0,05). Los cepillos dentales de la mayoría de sujetos resultaron altamente contaminados con bacilos entéricos gram negativos comparado con el ambiente subgingival en donde fueron mas frecuentes los microorganismos periodontopáticos. Los microorganismos mas frecuentes en cepillos dentales de padres y niños fueron los bacilos entéricos gram negativos (55%) seguidos por Fuso-bacterium sp (30%). Se concluyó que los cepillos dentales de los grupos familiares después de un mes de uso albergan altos niveles de bacilos entéricos gram negativos. Esta contaminación de los cepillos puede representar un factor de riesgo en la transmisión de microorganismos superinfectantes y periodontopáticos implicados en el inicio de procesos infecciosos en la cavidad oral, incluyendo gingivitis y periodontitis.

Toothbrush contamination could facilitate transmission/translocation of pathogenic organisms between individuals and oral sites. The purpose of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination of toothbrushes in 40 families. One hundred and four healthy subjects were included in this descriptive study. Every individual was examined clinically and microbiologically using the CPITN index and collecting subgingival plaque samples. Each parent received a toothbrush for home use and after one month they returned it to the investigators. Children received two toothbrushes, one used during the first examination and the other for home use which was returned after 1 month. All toothbrushes were cultured to determine periodontopathogens and enteric rods. Wilkoxon signed rank test and Friedman test (P = 0.05) were used to compare differences in the subgingival microbiota and toothbrush contamination among family members. Toothbrushes of most subjects resulted highly contaminated with enteric rods (P=0.001) compared to the subgingival environment where periodontopathic bacteria were more prevalent. The most frequent microorganisms found in toothbrushes used by parents and children for one month were. Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae species (55%) and Fuso-bacterium species (30%). High levels of enteric rods were commonly detected in toothbrushes used for 1 month among families members. These opportunistic organisms may have an important role in oral infections including gingivitis and periodontitis.